1/14/2012 Scientists Find New Ways To Kill Bedbugs

FEW things destroy the reputation of a high-class hotel faster than bed bugs. These vampiric arthropods, which almost disappeared from human dwellings with the introduction of synthetic insecticides after the second world war, are making a comeback. They can drink seven times their own weight in blood in a night, leaving itchy welts on the victim’s skin and blood spots on his sheets as they do so. That is enough to send anyone scurrying to hotel-rating internet sites—and even, possibly, to lawyers.

New York is worst-hit at the moment: neither five-star hotels nor top-notch apartments have been spared. But other places, too, are starting to panic. Hotel staff from Los Angeles to London are scrutinising the seams of mattresses and the backs of skirting boards, where the bugs often hide during the day, with more than usual zeal. But frequently this is to no avail. Bed bugs are hard to spot. Even trained pest-control inspectors can miss them. What is needed is a way to flush them into the open. And James Logan, Emma Weeks and their colleagues at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Rothamsted Research think they have one: a bed-bug trap baited with something the bugs find irresistible—the smell of their own droppings.

The reason the bugs are attracted to this smell is that they use it to navigate back to their hidey-holes after a night of feeding. To develop the bait for the new trap, Dr Weeks therefore analysed the chemicals given off by bed-bug faeces and attempted to work out which of the components were acting as signposts. She did this by puffing air collected from a jar containing bed-bug faeces into a machine called a gas chromatograph, which separated the components from one another, and then through a mass spectrometer, to identify each component from its molecular weight. Having found what the smell consisted of, she wafted the chemicals in question, one by one, at bed bugs that had their antennae wired up to micro-electrodes, to see which of them provoked a response.

The result, the details of which the team is keeping secret for the moment for commercial reasons, is used to bait a trap, designed by Dr Logan, that is about the size of a standard mouse trap and has a sticky floor similar to fly paper. And it works. To paraphrase the slogan of Roach Motel, a brand of traps aimed at a different sort of insect pest, bed bugs check in, but they don’t check out.

The new trap could be used both to assess whether a hotel room or apartment is infested and also to kill the insects without dousing everything in insecticide—which is, in any case, an increasingly futile exercise, as many have now evolved resistance. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a 19th-century American sage, is supposed to have said that if a man built a better mousetrap than his neighbour, the world would make a beaten path to his door. Dr Logan and Dr Weeks are about to find out if the same thing applies to bed-bug traps.

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11/15/2011 Bedbug Warning To UK: Wash Your Sheets: Time And Cashed Strapped Brits Are Cutting Back On Washing Their Bedding Putting Them At High Risk Of Bedbugs

One in eight people sleep in bedding that has not been washed for over a month, according to a new study.

Time and cash-strapped Brits are cutting back on washing their bedding – putting them at a high risk of a bed bug infestation, reveals the annual survey.

And men came out worst with 1.7 million waiting more than a month before washing their bed sheets.

The annual Bed Bug Audit, conducted by Sheilas’ Wheels home insurance, found that 29 per cent of Brits have cut back on washing their bedding due to lack of time while 17 per cent delay washing their dirty laundry to cut costs.

More than one in eight Brits (13 per cent) sleep in bedding that has not been washed for over a month, while a quarter (27 per cent) sleep on mattresses that are more than 10-years-old.

With forecasters predicting erratic temperatures this winter which could reach -15C by Christmas, bedrooms could become the perfect breeding ground for bed bugs, which take refuge in the warmth of mattresses, pillows and sheets to feed.

To add to the cosy conditions, over half of more than 1,000 Brits polled (56 per cent) said they will use extra blankets to keep warm this winter, while 31 per cent will opt for a hot water bottle.

With forecasters predicting erratic temperatures this winter which could reach -15C by Christmas, bedrooms could become the perfect breeding ground for bed bugs, which take refuge in the warmth of mattresses, pillows and sheets to feed.

To add to the cosy conditions, over half of more than 1,000 Brits polled (56 per cent) said they will use extra blankets to keep warm this winter, while 31 per cent will opt for a hot water bottle.

Almost one-in-five people polled said they were more likely now than last year to buy second-hand furniture, which is a leading source of infestation as a pre-owned mattress alone can contain up to 10 million bed bugs.

One-in-six men put in an average of 30 days sheet use before washing their bedding while four per cent admitted to not washing their bedding in over two months.

Nine per cent of men confessed that they did not think washing the bed was important with more than a third confessing they put off washing due to sheer laziness.

This is all the more worrying as bed bugs are not the only ones enjoying a bedroom bite – 46 per cent of Brits said that they had eaten a meal in bed. Nine per cent admit they regularly eat breakfast in bed, while 10 per cent even said that they eat their evening meal in the sack.

The Bed Bug Audit also revealed that 26 per cent of Brits polled had no idea how bed bugs spread and a quarter (25 per cent) said they were unaware of any measures to counter them, such as leaving sheets exposed during the day or regularly vacuuming all areas of the room – including the seams of the mattress.

It seems those in Yorkshire have the cleanest bed sheets with the average person washing their bedding more than three times every month.

Londoners seems to be the worst when it comes to keeping their linen clean with more than half of those living in the capital surveyed admitting putting off washing bedding when they are feeling lazy, while 18 per cent of Scots put off washing to cut costs.

Sheilas’ Wheels home insurance spokeswoman Jacky Brown said: ‘We spend so much time in our beds that it is astounding so many Brits and particularly bug busting men – do not keep them clean.

‘Simple measures like avoiding eating in bed, leaving the sheets exposed during the day and washing them regularly can help avoid an infestation

‘Bed bugs in the home can be an extremely unpleasant experience so it is important that homeowners have a way to deal quickly with an infestation such as our pest cover otherwise the upcoming cold spell could provide a nasty wake-up call.’

9/19/2011 Bedbugs Bite Students At Posh London Schools: $20k Per Year Park Tower Students Not Sleeping Well

If you think you don’t need to worry about bed bugs in London, talk to the London International Academy boarding school students.

Or better yet, take a close look at them.

It won’t take long to find clusters of red bug bites on the students — whose parents pay $20,000 per year for accommodation at the Park Tower on King St. and pre-university courses at the downtown private school.

“Right here,” said one teen yesterday, rolling up his sleeve to show where he was bitten the week before. “My neck,” said another, gesturing to a grouping of six angry red welts just under his chin.

Many of the students have arrived during the past month to start school meant to prepare them for Canadian university. Their English is still spotty, but when stopped out front of their residence at 186 King Street Thursday, all were familiar with the term bed bugs.

“Oh yes bed bugs,” said one boy, who declined to give his name or have his picture taken. “I’ve been here two weeks. I was bit three or four nights.

“I don’t sleep well.”

Another student said he had seen the bugs and killed some, but still he wakes up with bites “every night.”

Inspectors with the Middlesex-London Health Unit are aware of the situation at the building, said environmental health director Wally Adams.

He said a health unit inspector called out for something else in August noticed some bed bugs and ordered the building manager to “beef up integrated pest management measures.

When the inspector returned Aug. 23, he was satisfied that the manager had complied.

“The school and landlord are working cooperatively to address this problem,” said Adams.

A manager at Park Tower said the building has dealt with “a few isolated incidences of bed bugs, no different than any other residence in London.”

She too declined to give her name, but said landlords have a “preventative program in place to proactively manage pests.”

She said she was too busy to comment further, but would be available for interviews after September 23. She would not comment on the significance of the 23rd.

Earlier this week the Health Unit said calls about bed bugs have doubled in two years and an official with the London Middlesex Housing Corp. said it’s pest control budget has skyrocketed to $300,000 from $25,000 four years ago  all because of bed bugs. The housing corp. and health unit have now partnered for a public awareness program and representatives plan to visit every city owned complex starting next week to talk to residents about bed bugs, how to recognize them and how to prepare their units for treatment.

Traditionally, the health unit does not get involved in situations regarding bed bugs because they are considered a “nuisance,” not a “health hazard.”

But the problem has become so widespread, that the health unit is asking the public to phone in reports of any infestations.

Continue Reading More: Bedbugs Bite Students At Posh London Schools

9/15/2011 Bedbug Numbers Increase In London: Home Owners Now Dealing With Increase

They’re creepy little biters and they’re everywhere – London, Bayfield, Exeter, Sarnia and Goderich.

Bed bugs are hitchhiking into hotels, apartments and houses more and more every year.

“It’s definitely increasing and it’s been increasing substantially over the last six to seven years in the London area,” said Ryan Sawyer, owner of Sawyer Pest Management.

“People don’t understand where it’s going. It appears to be getting worse every year.”

While bed bugs once were found mostly in hotels or highdensity housing, Sawyer said he receives many more calls from residents of single-family homes, townhouses and condos about them.

He has seen infestations so bad people were sleeping in their bathtubs and balconies to get away from the bugs.

“When you go into some place and people are sleeping on their balconies . . . you really have to feel for people,” he said.

Last month, a Sarnia police office responding to a call to assist a man in medical distress found bed bugs crawling on him.

This month, Lambton County council passed a motion to hold a public meeting on the growing problem. A staff report is expected next month.

Five years ago, Sawyer received one call a month from someone fearing they had bed bugs. Now, he gets two or three a day.

The story is the same at the Middlesex London Health Unit, where calls about bed bugs have doubled in two years.

Four years ago, the London Middlesex Housing Corp., pest control budget was $25,000.

Now, it’s more than $300,000 – all because of bed bugs.

“It’ll be like that for the foreseeable future,” said Derek Grater, the corporation’s acting chief executive.

The city-owned corporation has 3,000 units and the bed bug issue is “multiplying significantly,”

Grater said.

“This is a major issue for hotels and landlords,” he said.

One tenant, who asked her name not be used, said her unit has been sprayed four times for bed bugs, but the problem persists because a neighbouring unit that has bed bugs refuses to allow pest management to spray.

The woman said she and her young children have been forced to keep their belongings in garbage bags and huddle in one room to sleep. Her request to be moved has been denied, the woman said.

“I’m paying rent for all my stuff to be in garbage bags to keep away the bed bugs,” she said.

Grater said residents sometimes refuse to allow pest management in, but under Ontario law, landlords must treat a pest issue if they find one or risk being taken to court by other residents.

“To treat the unit for bed bugs is a very invasive process,” Grater said.

Professionals place finely crushed seashells, called diatomaceous earth, in the baseboards where bed bugs hide during the day.

When the bugs walk across the powder, it scratches the underside of their bodies and dehydrates them.

Another, more expensive way, to kill the bugs is through heat. Techni- cians use special equipment to quickly increase the heat in units to about 45 C for three hours, killing the bugs.

Though effective, Grater said the technique is also expensive, about quadruple the cost of diatomaceous earth.

But before any of that is done, Grater said, the largest stumbling block is preparing the unit for treatment. People have to move furniture from walls, empty dressers, launder clothing and place it all in plastic bags.

“It’s a very big process,” he said, adding some people are unable to do the preparation work.

Sawyer called the expansion of the bed bug problem “troublesome.

“The (bed bug) population’s continuing to grow and expand and hasn’t peaked out yet.”

While there’s no “magic bullet”

for treating bed bugs, Sawyer said there does need to be more education on proper pest control to cope with the problem.

Residents or homeowners need to deal with it at the first sign of a problem or if they suspect they have bed bugs to call a professional to confirm the finding.

“The quicker you can control it, the better, because their production is so high,” said Sawyer.

Females can lay between three and five eggs a day and adult bed bugs can go 13 months without a blood feeding. Younger bugs can go three months without a meal.

Continue Reading More: Bedbug Numbers Increase In London

9/6/2011 Bedbugs Force UK Woman To Sleep In Bathtub: Infestation So Bad She’s Forced To Wear Pants To Sleep

Single mum Kirsty Shaw says she is forced to sleep in her bath to escape bed bugs that have infested her rented flat in Bradford.

The 19-year-old said she has begged managers at social housing group Incommunities to help but her repeated pleas had fallen on deaf ears for weeks.

She has had to move her four-year-old son out to stay with his grandmother and is worried he will not be able to start school because he also has bite marks.

Miss Shaw said the infestation at the property at Underwood House in North Wing, Barkerend, is so bad even friends will not come to visit and she feels a social outcast.

She said: “It’s embarrassing. People have stopped coming round because they get bitten. I feel dirty but it’s not my fault.

“All I want is Incommunities to come and do a proper job of getting rid of them so I can get my life and my son back.”

Incommunities did get a pest controller to spray Miss Shaw’s bed but the bugs have not gone.

Miss Shaw said: “It’s just got worse. They are everywhere. I’ve been catching as many as I can. Some are as big as ladybirds but that’s because they’ve been biting me.

“I’ve had bites all over the top of my back, my arms and elbows. I had been sleeping with trousers on tucked into my socks but now I’m sleeping in the bath. I can’t use the duvet because they might be on that so I’m just using towels to try to get as comfortable as I can but it’s impossible.

“My son’s had them on his face so now he can’t sleep here. It’s horrid.”

Miss Shaw’s mother, Amanda Shaw, said: “We’ve been on and on at Incommunities and they say if she wants the pest controller out again she’ll have to pay for it but she’s 19 a single-mum on tax credits, she can’t afford it. All the furniture is Incommunities’ anyway.”

An Incommunities’ spokesman said: “Although Incommunities is not responsible for the treatment of pest infestation in residents’ homes, as a caring and responsible landlord we have assisted Miss Shaw with the treatment of bed bugs in her home.”

An Incommunities official visited Miss Shaw yesterday after inquiries by the Telegraph & Argus.

Continue Reading More/Watching Video: Bedbugs Force UK Woman To Sleep In Bathtub

8/25/2011 British Bedbug Victims Awarded Money By Infested Airway London Hotel: $2500 Awarded For Victims Bitten 86 Times

Two British sisters, attacked by bedbugs at a two-star London hotel while celebrating one of the women’s 50th birthday last winter, were awarded 1,600 pounds (about $2,525) in an out-of-court settlement, the Daily Mail reports.

Melanie Carmen and Joy McDonagh spent three nights at the Airways Hotel in Victoria, but McDonagh’s birthday party was ruined when they suffered bites all over their bodies. Carmen was bitten 86 times, while McDonagh suffered 52 bites, and it took the women about four months to recover, the Daily Mail says.

After requesting a change of rooms, “we ended up on a higher floor. There were newspapers under the beds that were three weeks old, so it was clear to see nobody had swept there and then Joy actually found a bedbug on the pillow,” Carmen told the paper.

The sisters aren’t the only guests to report problems at the Airways, which describes itself as a “cheap budget hotel in Central London.” It’s rated #707 out of 1,062 London hotels on TripAdvisor, where one recent reviewer recommended staying away “unless you want bedbugs to eat you alive!!!”

“It’s very unfortunate what happened to these two ladies, but we have no way of being able to trace exactly where these infestations came from,” a hotel spokesman told the paper. “‘This incident happened 18 months ago…experts say there are 20,000 cases of bedbugs in hotels across the UK every year, five-star hotels included, so we’re not immune to the problem. We have a full-time contract with a pest control company and when problems are reported they come in immediately to deal with any issues.”

Continue Reading More: British Bedbug Victims Awarded Money By London Airway Hotel

3/1/2011 Bedbugs On Two British Airways Jumbo Jets: Airlines Ground Jets After Woman Shows Multiple Bedbug Bites

British Airways grounded two jumbo jets after a passenger complained of being badly bitten by bed bugs during two separate long-haul flights.

The airline fumigated one of the planes on which it confirmed there had been an infestation and apologised to the woman for her ordeal.

Businesswoman Zane Selkirk revealed her body was ‘crawling’ with bugs and ‘covered with bites’ during a ten-hour transatlantic flight from Los Angeles to London Heathrow in January.

The 28-year-old believes she was also bitten on a second flight in February during a business trip from Bangalore in India to Heathrow.

BA grounded the two 350-seat Boeing 747-400s after computer industry executive Miss Selkirk – fed up by the poor response of the airline’s customer services – set up a website detailing her ordeal.

Miss Selkirk, who works for internet company Yahoo!’s media group, said she set up her protest website ‘after two horrendous flights’.

She used the site – www.ba-bites.com – to post graphic pictures of the injuries on her body.

Stung by her online protest, BA confirmed bugs had been found on the LA to Heathrow plane, which was then fumigated before being put back into service.

But a spokesman said the airline had not discovered any evidence of infestation on the Bangalore to Heathrow flight.

The revelations will certainly resonate throughout the U.S., where there has been a massive resurgence in bed-bug outbreaks.

The mites are invading public schools at an alarming rate, with 1,700 confirmed cases reported in New York City’s schools alone in the last five months.

The figure is on track to triple last year’s total of 1,019 cases in the city.

A spokesman from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said that while in the past the infestations were concentrated in ‘hot spots’,  they were now spreading all over the country.

Miss Selkirk, who lives in Los Angeles and has dual British and U.S. nationality, said she had also noticed other references on the internet to passengers being bitten by bugs, but didn’t feel BA was taking the issue seriously enough.

2/14/2011 Meet Lola: London’s Bedbug Sniffing Wonder Dog

I don’t like dogs as a rule. But as the Jack Russell is released from her cage into my hallway I’m pinning my hopes on her. “Run, Lola, run!” I whisper as she darts towards the living room. For this is a dog with special powers that I’m hoping can bring to an end a painful chapter in my life.

Lola was born on a farm in Wales two years ago, bought soon after by entrepreneur Mark Astley, and sent to America to get an education. After a few months at the made-up sounding National Entomology Scent Detection Canine Association, she started work in London’s hotels and homes. She has the distinction of being the only certified bedbug sniffer dog in Europe.

So how did this highly trained animal come to be rootling around my Tooting front room?

Back in September at the height of the panic in New York over a bedbug plague, I wrote a piece for the BBC. It was based on a survey of a thousand pest control firms suggesting that the bedbug problem was becoming, in the words of Missy Henriksen of America’s National Pest Management Association, a “bedbug pandemic”. The one ray of hope in all this apocalyptic talk was the arrival of Lola, who had begun working for Trust K9, the firm founded by Astley. But I never thought that a few months later I’d be asking for Lola’s help.

It was in December that I first started to itch. After a few days away over Christmas, I came back and the bites multiplied. Clearly whatever it was had been missing my blood. Soon the red marks turned to scabs, which bled at inconvenient moments. But still I wasn’t sure. Maybe it’s an allergy, fleas or something else, I thought.

“Go and get your Bs!” Astley commands Lola using their code – hotels don’t like clients hearing about bedbugs. On a lead she pulls her handler around the living room. Her white face with its splodge of brown around her right eye is the epitome of cuteness but her eagerness makes her resemble a Heathrow sniffer dog trying to impress a visiting Home Secretary. After a few minutes, Astley is satisfied. The room is clean. At this point he shows us what Lola would have done had she found something. He hides a vial of live bedbugs in the sofa when she’s not looking but within 15 seconds Lola has detected the smell, pounced, and is pawing deep under the cushion.
Where dogs win out over humans is in picking up an infestation early before visual clues such as blood spots appear. However, it’s not cheap, with a callout costing £275. But for hotels or people with large rambling homes, Lola makes sense.

“Dogs seem to be working well,” confirms Richard Moseley, technical manager at the British Pest Control Association (BPCA). “Of course it depends how well-trained the animal is but the benefit is it can check a large area in a short time with a minimum of pesticides.”

As Lola approaches my bedroom she arches her back and tugs at the lead. “From her behaviour there’s a lot of [bedbug] scent in this room,” Astley translates. She does a few laps of the bed, sniffs the skirting board, then leaps up onto the bed and buries her nose in the duvet. “Because you’ve had bugs in here for a while, the whole room smells of them. She’s trying to find the greatest source,” he explains.

Then Lola’s up by the pillows and pawing frantically between the mattress and headboard. Bingo! She doesn’t physically unearth a bug – her skill is to give a positive ID of the smell. “Good girl,” Astley shouts in a decent approximation of the late dog trainer, Barbara Woodhouse. Lola barks in triumph and leaps up to receive a handful of biscuity treats.

I’m relieved. You can put up with it for a while. But in the past month I’ve started to regard my bed with disgust. Then two weeks ago I found a bedbug in a clean T-shirt I was about to put on. It was light brown, wafer thin, and about the size of an apple pip. More and more my life seemed to be dominated by the little blighters. When I met my girlfriend’s father for the first time the other day he lifted up his shirt to show me the bites on his belly. As if acting out some primitive ritual, I responded by pointing out the scabs on my arm and neck. The following evening at the cinema there was so much scratching going on around me that it was hard to concentrate on the movie. I even happened to hear Radio 3 playing Shostakovich’s The Bedbug. “It sends people a little bit loopy,” agrees Astley. “And it breaks couples up. Often one of them is suffering more than the other and one says the other’s paranoid and it destroys things.”

The rest of the flat turns out to be clean. So where have these bugs come from? It could have been second-hand furniture, on our clothes or in a carrier bag. With rumours rife that the Tube is infested we decide to take Lola for a trip on the Northern line. When we board the train at Tooting Broadway a man is sleeping at the far end. He wakes bemused to see a Jack Russell sniffing the blue upholstery of the carriage. Lola appears to find something at the penultimate seat. It’s not conclusive proof this time, however. Astley says she’s a little hesitant and may be distracted by all the attention from the Standard’s photographer.

While one bedbug operative in the capital does put the blame squarely on the Northern line for outbreaks on its route through south London, a senior figure in the pest control industry who didn’t want to be named said the problem wasn’t confined to one section of the Tube network. “I’m aware of the Northern line having a problem but it’s not just one line, it’s the Piccadilly line, Central line and others as well. Just as with the outbreak in New York, anywhere like the Tube could transfer bedbugs on to people,” he said. He added that Transport for London had been made aware of specific outbreaks but had failed to give complainants evidence that it had taken action to resolve the problem.

According to the BPCA’s Moseley, bedbugs are known to inhabit aircraft seats and overhead lockers from where they can get into people’s luggage or clothing. The same was theoretically possible on the Tube, he said. Clive Boase, a British entomologist who runs the Pest Management Consultancy, urged people not to overreact: “I’m not saying there aren’t any bedbugs on the Tube but it’s far from common.” Pest control firm Bed-bugs.co.uk takes a more robust line in its literature and cites “public transport” as one of the most common sources of infestations. In the “Control Steps needed” for minimising the risk on public transport, it advises: “Do not sit down. Stand or get a shooting stick.”

It’s a relief to have my own bedbug problem confirmed. Astley can now prepare for the next stage – heat treatment, which costs an eye-watering £1,200 and involves moving everything on his proscribed list out of the affected room (including all food, plants, aerosols, old plasma TVs but not necessarily artwork). If you’re desperate, it may be worth it. For, unlike pesticides, which can take three weeks to kill the bugs, very high temperatures kill instantly. By the time you read this, my flat will be an oven-like 57 degrees Celsius thanks to three strategically placed heat exchangers. If all goes to plan, it’ll be roast bedbugs all round tonight. For the first time in a long while, I’m looking forward to getting into bed.

DON’T LED THE BEDBUGS BITE
The common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) feeds on blood, preferably human. It is mainly nocturnal and, since it takes 5-10 minutes to finish feeding, you are usually bitten while asleep. A single feed can sustain a bedbug for 5-10 days and it can go without food for months.
If carried into the home, a female can lay about 200 eggs over its lifetime, five or six eggs a day.

Be aware that bedbugs can live in carpets, sofas, skirting boards and picture frames. Don’t allow clutter to build up, particularly where you sleep. Don’t take in second-hand beds or mattresses.

Natural predators include ants, spiders, moths – and cockroaches.

Continue Reading More: Meet Lola London’s Bedbug Sniffing Wonder Dog

2/12/2011 NYC’s Bedbug Problem Has Spread To London: Sitings In Hotels, Houses & Theaters

Avoiding New York and boiling your suitcase might not be enough for Londoners to dodge the global bed bug pandemic – they’re already here, probably in a hotel, house or cinema near you.

Apple seed-sized, flat, brownish bed bugs (also known as Cimicidae) were once rife all over the world but had been largely wiped out by the banned pesticide DDT. During the past few decades, like head lice, they have been mounting a comeback, pest control firms say.

Wrongly linked to poverty or poor hygiene, today’s jet-setting bed bugs travel on all airline classes in luggage, aircraft seats and clothes to wherever people sleep or rest.

This week there were over 42,000 references to bed bugs on customer feedback travel website www.tripadvisor.com and pest control firm Rentokil Plc said there has been a 24 percent increase in bed bug jobs over the last year in Britain.

“Bed bugs are a worldwide and growing problem,” Rentokil Technical Director Savvas Othon told Reuters. “People carry bed bugs unknowingly in clothes and bags…”

LONDON – England – Heathrow airport today was locked down by the Environment Agency when some bed bugs travelling from New York city were caught trying to get through customs illegally.

News coming from the bed bug community in New York is that they are bored of New Yorkers and have a strong desire to travel.
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